Shakespeares King Lear and Arthur Millers Death of a...

A German Proverb once stated that, â€Å"Every man is the architect of his own fortune.† In expressing his opinion that people have more control over their fate than their fate does over them, this proverb was mistaken. Contrary to what the Proverb espoused, the cruelty of the world and the harsh reality of blind fortune have much more to do with what happens to a person than what actions they take, and good actions cannot guarantee good fortune. The inaccuracy of this quote can be proven in looking at both the tragedies of King Lear, by William Shakespeare, and Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller. If the proverbs quote was assumed to be true, those who do good and are loving beings would prosper in good fortune, but this is unfortunately almost never the case. Often it is irrelevant what a person does in determining what luck they have, and many times good people have horrible things done unto them. In King Lear, a king makes the mistake of giving his two evil daughters his kingdom, while he banishes his most loving daughter. Another noble makes a similar mistake in trusting his son who is greedy and selfish. These mens mistakes cause a struggle for power over the kingdom, ending in great tragedy when King Lears loyal and loving daughter, Cordelia, is hanged. Cordelias character exemplifies perfectly how a good person can still have awful things happen to them. After not confessing her love directly to her father, although she clearly cares deeply for him, CordeliaShow MoreRelatedKing Lear Bottoming Out Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesturning point for the better. Unfortunately, there are also many people who just give up the fight against the dark place referred to as â€Å"bottom.† Bottoming out is exemplified in William Shakespeare’s tragedy King Lear and in Arthur Miller’s equally tragic Death of a Salesman. In order to interpret the process of Lear and Willy’s incidences with â€Å"bottoming out† it is important to analyze their lives before and after they hit the dark place in their heart and mind, and the circumstances they were bothRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesShakespeare’s Sonnets William Shakespeare The Sonnet Form A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter—that is, in lines ten syllables long, with accents falling on every second syllable, as in: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† The sonnet form first became popular during the Italian Renaissance, when the poet Petrarch published a sequence of love sonnets addressed to an idealized woman named Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnet

Male Gender Roles And Women - 2367 Words

In society today, boys and girls are taught by those around them that there are but two ways only to live a life- the manly way and the feminine way- and that to stray from one’s designated role in the world is unacceptable. Men in particular suffer from the confinement of gender roles and are exposed pitilessly to society’s punishing repercussions if one chooses to defy his preordained position. I myself have felt the pungent sting of the male gender role in my own life, having grown up alongside a twin brother who was about as â€Å"manly† as a boy can be. I can recall one day only a few years ago when I, thrilled and eager, was sitting down to watch my newly-purchased copy of the 25th Anniversary of The Phantom of the Opera- my absolute†¦show more content†¦That was simply who I was. It took time and much self-examination to eventually accept that there was nothing wrong with me. I was not inferior to or less of a man than any other male in the world- merely a victim to a long line of harmful misunderstandings of the male gender. Society has set a precedent of aggression, barbarity, and dominance for men to follow to be perceived as â€Å"normal†, effecting youth negatively and damaging one’s self-image. Men are influenced strongly everyday by the world around them to put aside traditionally feminine tendencies and behave like a man- beginning, first and foremost, in the home. The household serves as a boy’s initial introduction to the exclusive sector that is manhood. It is there that they are brought up and reared to be the strapping, virile man they are destined to become. It is rare to find a boy who is not at least familiar with the phrase â€Å"Wipe some dirt on it,† teaching them to â€Å"[employ] the automatic â€Å"I’m fine† response to almost any emotional difficulty† (Glazer 7) and fooling family members into thinking they are valiantly tough warriors, dismissing any po ssibility of help or protection. It is understood that boys run around and play in mud and scrape their knees while girls sit inside and play with dolls- any sign of the opposite being quickly ended by parents. Boys are also turned away from calling their mother and father â€Å"mommy† and â€Å"daddy† far sooner than

Air pollution Causes and Effects

Question: Write an essay about Air pollution - causes effects. Answer: Introduction: Air pollutions are substances which are present in the air and affect the lives of the human beings and also their ecosystem. This doesnt only affect the lives of human beings but also the lives of other living creatures. The pollutant can be of man-made or also of natural origin, and they are classified into categories mainly primary and secondary. The substances which from the parts of primary pollutant are ashes that come out from the volcano eruption and also includes carbon monoxides that come out from the vehicles or the sulfur oxides that are released from the industries or factories. The secondary forms of pollutions are regarded to those pollutions which are directly emitted they are the part of the primary form of air pollutants which are interacted or reacted. As per it can be taken into consideration the only prominent example of the secondary pollutants is ground level ozone (Chen et al., 2013). Body: The major pollutants which are produced by human activities are: Sulfur oxides (SOx)- This chemical components are evolved from the volcanic eruptions and also from industries. Sulfur compounds are often contained in petroleum products and coal. Due to the effect of Sulfur Oxides, acid rain occurs and affect and has the impact on the environment. Nitrogen oxides (NOx)- The affects of nitrogen oxides results in high temperature and also in the occurrences of thunderstorms by the discharge of electricity. Carbon monoxide (CO)- It is a nonirritating gas which is colorless, toxic and odorless. It occurs due to combustion of fuel such as coal, natural gas or wood. It also occurs from vehicles. There are various other causes of air pollution such as: Power plants- The sources of renewable energy such as turbines of the wind and solar panels helps in producing a large amount of power each and every year to produce electricity. As a result in the production of electricity, there is a burning of fuels such as oil, coal and gas which is converted into power plants. Thus, it produces lots of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, etc (Zannetti, 2013) Industrial factories and plants- The production of steel, cement, refined petroleum, synthesize, etc. are the most harmful air polluting substances. In many of the factories, there are lots of smoke and dust generation in very short time. Due to his reason, there is a land mark case in Indian history of Bhopal in 1984 December (Chen et al., 2013). Other various causes of air pollution- The majority of the man-made pollutions occurs from traffic, chemical and industrial plant, power plant, etc. in many parts of the world woods and coals are burned in order prepare cooking and heating. This results in pollutions as they generate a lot of smoke and dust (Shah et al., 2013) Effects of air pollution: Health of Human- Air pollution has a massive effect on human health as in some of the estimates it is suggested that 10-20% reason of cancer is due to air pollution. Due to air death of many people are caused due to asthma, bronchitis, lungs diseases, etc. in the factories workers suffers a lot due to dust pollution caused and suffered from illnesses known as silicosis. As stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) the biggest human killer in the world is air pollution. Due to air pollution many kinds of natural calamity also takes place which ultimately results in the loss of human lives such as earthquakes, drought, floods, etc (Lave Seskin, 2013). Agricultural effects- The pesticides, fertilizers, etc. used in the crops for its high-yielding growth for the ever-growing population. Due to air pollution there is an effect in a growth of the plant and also effects the water which results in effect pollution. In another hand, we can say that due to the high increase of carbon dioxide there is an effect of global warming. It also results in climate change, and its major impact is affected in the agriculture of the world. As there is an effect of pollution even the crops are becoming unfit to consume, and indirectly it effects the human life (Unsworth Ormrod, 2013) Other effects- In this kind of situation, we can state that the effect is basically from the fumes that come out from traffic. There are also various effects from other sources such as acetone it is used in remover of nail polish which evaporates very fast and mixes with the environment and causes air pollutions, and also affects the body of the person whose smells it nearby. The effect of glossy paints that are used for painting house and door or windows etc. affects the air, and the smell also affects the human body. Due to air pollution certain kind of natural calamity takes place such as global warming, acid rain, green house affects ozone hole, etc (Klaassen, 2013). Conclusion: Air pollution is a curse to the society and affects the human rights. It is divided into two categories namely the primary and the secondary category. The basic ingredients of air pollution are gasses and smokes that are occurred from nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, etc. the effects of air pollution effects human lives as well an agricultural system. Thus, it can be stated that the increase of air pollution results in a death of many people. Not only has this it also affected the ecosystem of the world for which the world is losing its balance. For the future generation, air pollution is very affective and will harm their daily lives in many ways, so various measures are needed to stop air pollution (Seinfeld Pandis, 2012). Reference list: Chen, Y., Ebenstein, A., Greenstone, M., Li, H. (2013). Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from Chinas Huai River policy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(32), 12936-12941. Chen, Z., Wang, J. N., Ma, G. X., Zhang, Y. S. (2013). China tackles the health effects of air pollution. The Lancet, 382(9909), 1959-1960. Klaassen, C. D. (Ed.). (2013). Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons (Vol. 1236). New York (NY): McGraw-Hill. Lave, L. B., Seskin, E. P. (2013). Air pollution and human health (Vol. 6). Routledge. Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N. (2012). Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. John Wiley Sons. Shah, A. S., Langrish, J. P., Nair, H., McAllister, D. A., Hunter, A. L., Donaldson, K., ... Mills, N. L. (2013). Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 382(9897), 1039-1048. Unsworth, M. H., Ormrod, D. P. (2013). Effects of gaseous air pollution in agriculture and horticulture (No. 32). Butterworth-Heinemann. Zannetti, P. (Ed.). (2013). Air pollution modeling: theories, computational methods and available software. Springer Science Business Media.

Shahid afridi and his career free essay sample

hahid Afridi has signed to play for Sydney Thunder in Australia’s Twenty20 Big Bash league. [7] In June 2009, Afridi took over the Twenty20 captaincy from Younus Khan, and was later appointed ODI captain for the 2010 Asia Cup. In his first match as ODI captain against Sri Lanka he scored a century however Pakistan still lost by 16 runs. He then also took over the Test captaincy but resigned after one match in charge citing lack of form and ability to play Test cricket; at the same time he announced his retirement from Tests. He retained the captaincy in limited-overs form of the game and led the team in the 2011 World Cup. In May 2011, having led Pakistan in 34 ODIs, Afridi was replaced as captain. Later that month he announced his conditional retirement from international cricket in protest against his treatment by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). However, in October he reversed his decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Shahid afridi and his career or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page UNICEF and Pakistani authorities have taken Shahid Afridi on board for its anti-polio campaign in the tribal belt of lawless Waziristan region. In October 1996 at the age of sixteen Afridi was drafted into the ODI team during the four-nation Sameer Cup 1996–97 as a leg spinner as a replacement for the injured Mushtaq Ahmed. [10] He made his debut on 2 October against Kenya, however he didnt bat and went wicketless. [11] In the next match against Sri Lanka, Afridi batted at number three in the role of a pinch-hitter. In his first international innings, Afridi broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket, reaching his hundred from 37 balls. The eleven sixes he struck also equalled the record for most in an ODI innings. Afridi later pleaded guilty to a level three breach of the ICC code of conduct relating to the spirit of the game. Match referee Roshan Mahanama said: This ban should serve as a message to players that this type of behaviour is not allowed. On 12 April 2006, Afridi announced a temporary retirement from Test cricket so that he could concentrate on ODIs, with a particular focus on the 2007 World Cup, and to spend more time with his family. He said he would consider reversing his decision after the World Cup. Afridi had played ten Tests since being recalled to the side in January 2005, averaging 47. 44 with the bat including four centuries.

buy custom The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering essay

buy custom The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering essay The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering What do we see on TV or in magazines? - Ideal slim and sporty Photoshoped models. Whom we are admiring? Intellectual, multi-task active positive person. Idealization is in the core of people minds which transformed into a fetish today. Gyms, dietitians, plastic surgery are all selling us the perfect image we have to imitate. How about ideal food with the best nutrition features? How to win a fight against deadly diseases? Genetic engineering can be a solution, the perspectives of this new born science is sky high. The society has already added on their armoury genetic engineering, but in the process of targeting hot issues a human had found a lot of ambiguous questions we still cant answer objectively. The scientific progress is growing and advancing so rapidly that people cant find solutions huge ethical dilemmas. Every progress has the side effect of its own. Where are milestones of genetic engineering hiding? Genetic engineering is a course when specific features, genes are taken from one organism and inserted into another (plant or animal). Off course long time before this science appeared farmers tried to yield the sweetest corn, the biggest potato, the most productive wheat etc. Same situation was with the livestock. They were selecting healthier and fatter animals to produce good stock in future. With the help of breeding technologies humanity had produced new breeds of animals and better quality plants. Lets recall brief history of genetic engineering. Right in the beginning of 1990s two grains was modified genetically, which were corn and cotton. A famous goat Dolly was genetically cloned in 1996. This fact brought high resonance among people. In 2003 first human genome was defined. Some scientists predict that by 2015, new parents will pay ten dollars to have their babys DNA sequence read at birth and placed in his or her medical file. (Kafka, 2009, 10) With every year scientists introduced new spheres where genetic engineering can function. The science has occupied the field of medicine, research, industry and agriculture. What gains this science brought to each field and what were the donts which caused so many questions among humanity? Medicine has adopted the best from genetic engineering. Since the beginning of its history the pharmacy field was based on medicinal features of herbs. Foxglove, wildflower, common mold are still a core of drug therapies. Animal parts were used to cure people as well. A lot of diabetics were saved due to the genetic engineering. In 1920 the scientists discovered that hormone insulin produced by pancreases. It has given the opportunity to debride it from the animal pancreases. The side effect was the strong allergic reaction in some diabetics. The recombining process of DNA was mastered and engineers had defined human insulin into bacteria which became a small factory for producing insulin and prevent future allergic reactions. The promising future of gene therapy is obvious. The process can repair or replace the defective genes which cause genetic diseases. Over past 10 years some autoimmune illnesses were treated by gene therapy. Engineers strongly believe that in future Huntingtons disease, cystic fibrosis and other illnesses with defective gene can be successfully cured by genes therapy or even through gene surgery. Pregnant women are insisting on scanning their fetuses on the genetic diseases. It can prepare parent for possible special requirements of a newborn. The scientists are researching the future possibilty to use gene therapy for the embryos before the process of in-vitro fertilization. Breeding has also added genetic engineering to their arsenal of creating new enhanced products. Sheep are farming for clotting protein for helping people to clot the blood and ATryn, which prevent peoples blood from thickening. Scottish biologist Helen Sang is incubating a plan to produce chicken eggs enhanced with proteins for treating a variety of human diseases. (Kafka, 2009, 14) The scientists from California are researching chicken eggs as well for the purpose of enhancing protein in them. The eggs are well known source of protein and growing quantity of it can help to treat different diseases. Agriculture is using genetic engineering in all fields. Genetically engineered food is spread all over the world. Food is modified for prevention different allergic reaction in consumers, for prolongation its life on shelves, increasing nutrition features and even to cure different diseases. Pros of genetically modified food (GMF) are variable so as the cons. The main advantage of GMF is the ability of controlling the emergence of concrete diseases. Certain products can cause specific allergic reactions, by modifying the DNA of concrete food the genes causes it eliminated successfully. The second profit is the fact that GM food grows faster that the natural one, it can be safe of plant pests, pesticides and insecticides. This feature makes GM cheaper than crops grown in natural form, which is very lucrative for the farmers as well as the consumers. Better nutritious abilities and long time life without spoiling are the remarkable pluses for both customers and suppliers. What about the donts of this science. After cloning the first animal people greeted the scientists all around the world for their magnificent impact into the science. As the genetic engineering leap further of its development the humanity stuck facing the questions of morality, ethics and simply what is right or wrong. Several years ago a deaf couple while planning their child has decided that their newborn has to be deaf as they are. We feel whole as deaf people and we want to share the wonderful aspects of our deaf community a sense of belonging and connectedness with children. We truly feel we live rich lives as deaf people. (Sandel, 2007, 1) When the story has appeared in newspaper it brought a lot of severe dispute. The main issue was the right to choose for the future human being disabled for the rest of his life. The freedom of choice is one of the substantial virtues a human being has. A future child with implied characteristics beforehand lacks this freedom. In this case a f uture human wont be able to speak only because its parents afraid he would have the advantage in front of them. Is it a huge selfishness? There are other parents who want their children have the best qualities for functioning in the particular society. It always depends on society what the exact features you will need to become successful and happy. What if a child planned with high mathematical abilities could be the best dancer or artist? We will never know. The human nature of controlling and idealizing everything around can play bad tricks for the humanity. The future genetic engineering can possibly prolong the longevity of human life. Demographical boom is already the problem of our planet today, the longer life can be a disaster. High price of genetic engineering can also cause the increasing of social and economical inequality. Wealthy layer will have more possibilities to create super humans and as the result the ordinary people will suffer from bad treatment and lack of an y ambitions and possibilities. There is one case occurred in California. A woman named Julie has lost her pet, which was the delight of her life, she has found out an organization cloning cats. She paid for 50000$ for the identical copy of her pet. After this accident the company reduced the price to 32000$ per cat and revealed their new strategy to make 100000$ per cloned dog. If you feel that your kitten doesnt suf%uFB01ciently resemble the genetic donor, well refund your money in full with no questions asked.(Sandel, 2007, 4) Doesnt it sound weird to create home pets by cloning instead of taking new ones? If talking about disadvantages of agricultural usage of genetic engineering it is impossible to mention that the consequences of GM food arent digested properly. Instead of useful nutrition such food can cause harm to our bodies. According to some scientists opposed to genetic engineering GMF can be a reason for developing illnesses immune to the antibiotics. Some of the antagonists claim that the using such food can boost the development of cancer. Many suppliers of modified food simply suppress the information that their products have GM ingredients. In this case a customer cant be sure which product is modified and which isnt. One of the biggest layers of opponents is religious and some cultural sectors. The idea of developing modified food seems unnatural for many humans as well. The fact that this kind of food can harm other species in our nature surroundings is worrying too. There is another social problem which can put developing countries in dependent position of industrializ ed countries, because the last will be able to control food supplies all over the world. The main problem with the genetic engineering itself is the lack of knowledge in this science. As it was mentioned above this field is very young and the impact on human body is absolutely unpredictable. First positive results can cause some negative ones in the future generation. That is why most people now avoid GM food. How to answer the questions in the cases when the ethical and moral rules collide with genetic engineering? Is this science for good or for bad? How to depict the right resolving of the problem? It is not the issue that we need this kind of knowledge, it is already saved a lot of lives and brought new perspectives into vary fields of science. Now a mother can be aware beforehand if her child will have genetic illnesses or not. A lot of ill people can find a cure through genetic engineering, food can have a lot of new features. An allergic to oranges can eat modified fruit with no fright to have problems with health. The opposition to the pros arguments stands moral values people cant deny. Personal freedom can be very fast thrown back if the parents will be designing the future generation. It is a big fright that we at the end allow the cloning of a person and the idea of uniqueness of a person will vanish with the word. It is normal to be afraid about the impact of experiments with the genes implanted into the different organisms, crops and animals and vice versa. It is difficult to predict what new illnesses can cause MD food. What if well have genomes of animals or vegetables? However it is difficult to deliberate and to say for sure what new possibilities and features genetic engineering will bring us. Lack of researches of side effects and the science itself due to a short time of this field existence makes totally impossible answering all these questions. Buy custom The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering essay

Examples of Toponym or Place Name

Examples of Toponym or Place Name A toponym is a  place name or a word coined in association with the name of a place. Adjectives: toponymic and toponymous. The study of such place names is known as toponymics or toponymy- a branch of onomastics. Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route), drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the name of a village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond), and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground). EtymologyFrom the Greek, place name Examples and Observations The name Chicago is first recorded in 1688 in a French document, where it appears as Chigagou, an Algonquian word meaning onion field.(The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000)An angry aide characterized the shopping spree as Wasilla hillbillies looting Neiman Marcus from coast to coast.(Hackers and Spending Sprees, Newsweek, Nov. 5, 2008)Hooterville was Xanadu with pickup trucks, an odd yet comfortable land with an irresistible charm.(Craig Tomashoff, When Life Was Simple. The New York Times, July 4, 1999)The Influence of the DanesWhen we find more than 600 places like Grimsby, Whitby, Derby, Rugby, and Thoresby, with names ending in -ly, nearly all of them in the district occupied by the Danes, we have striking evidence of the number of Danes who settled in England.(Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language. Routledge Kegan Paul, 1978)Dutch TermsEnglishmen have pretty much considered anyone theyve come into contact with as being lazy , poor, cowardly, untrustworthy, thieving, and of substandard morality, a mind-set of superiority reflected in a litany of set phrases in the language. . . .Surprisingly, those who got the worst of English abuse were the Dutch. Most expressions we now use concerning the people of Holland are harmless, such as Dutch door, double Dutch, and Dutch oven, but previously, terms containing Dutch were the idiomatic equivalent of a Polack joke. A bookie who loses money is a Dutch book; Dutch courage is inspired only by booze; if youre in Dutch, youre in prison, or pregnant; and a Dutch widow is a prostitute. Still in wide use is to go Dutch, which describes an actionnot paying for your datethat languages around the rest of the globe call to go American.(John B. Marciano, Toponymity: An Atlas of Words. Bloomsbury, 2010) Toponyms From American Indian WordsThousands of toponyms in the United States and Canada derive from American Indian words. One is Chanhassen, a Twin Cities suburb in Minnesota. In the Sioux language, this word refers to the sugar maple tree. The place name translates to the tree with sweet juice. Sometimes the reference is not so pleasant. Stinkingwater Peak, Wyoming, takes its unflattering name from a nearby river.(Gerald R. Pitzl,  Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Greenwood, 2004)The MississippiIn Algonquian, the forms linked together in a toponym are descriptive as in Mohican missi-tuk big river, and the toponym as a whole is used to identify a particular place [that is, Mississippi].(William C. McCormack and Stephen A. Wurm, Approaches to Language: Anthropological Issues. Mouton, 1978)Magenta, Duffel Bag, and PaisleyMagenta is a reddish-pink color, and it is a toponym. The rather upbeat color is named after a downbeat scenethe blood-soaked battlefield at the Battle of Magenta in Italy in 1859 (Freeman, 1997). Other toponyms include duffel bag (Duffel, Belgium), sardines (the island of Sardinia), and paisley (Paisley, Scotland).(Dale D. Johnson, Bonnie von Hoff Johnson, and Kathleen Schlichting, Logology: Word and Language Play. Vocabulary Instruction: Research to Practice, ed. by James F. Baumann and Edward J. Kameenui. Guilford, 2004) Tuxedo Park, Marathon, Bikini, and LyceumWords that you might not suspect were toponyms include tuxedo (Tuxedo Park, New York), marathon (from the battle of Marathon, Greece . . .), spartan (from Sparta in ancient Greece), bikini (an atoll in the Pacific where the atomic and hydrogen bombs were tested), [and] lyceum (a gymnasium near Athens where Aristotle taught) . . ..(Charles H. Elster, What in the Word? Harvest, 2005)The Lighter Side of Toponyms: Westward Ho!The village of Westward Ho! in Devon, England, is the only place name in England that ends in an exclamation point. The village borrowed its name from the title of Charles Kingsleys popular novel set in nearby BidefordWestward Ho! (1855). Pronunciation: TOP-eh-nim

Term paper 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Term paper 2 - Article Example Introduction Nursing theory is essential to all nurses as they develop their knowledge through their extended studies and learn to evaluate the different cases they will encounter during their careers. Most notably, understanding ethics in nursing theory is also important as part of the evaluation process as concerns patients and their health. In a global society, technology and research knowledge are advancing at a rapid rate, and more so now than ever before, future nurses must engage in continual education and developing their theories of nursing. The term, ethical knowing, outlines the fundamental pattern of knowledge, theory and purpose in the business of nursing (Carper, 1978; Noureddine, 2001). Ethical Knowing It should be understood that while nursing goals and actions within the terms of ethical knowledge is evaluated within the framework of each medical case the nurse will encounter. While a simple solution might be viewed as obvious, in a further review of the circumstance s surrounding a case, it may be determined that another path of treatment would be far better for the patient rather than just the accepted book-learned course of treatment. In reviewing ethical knowing from a philosophical viewpoint and through terms of ontological and epistemological dimensions, the ontological dimension refers to ethical traits which nurses must possess – empathy and compassion. In the epistemological dimension, the moral validity of what nurses must be is to be truthful and maintain the confidentiality of the patient (Noureddine, 2001). Ethical theories encompass the deontological, utilitarian, right-based, intuitionist theories which are associated most often with ethics in nursing. Deontological, duty-based theories have four major principles: the personal liberty to act; doing no harm; action which improves the welfare of others; and justice in treating people equally and fair distribution of resources (Noureddine, 2001). Utilitarian theory is action-b ased with the outcome as the basis, which is also referred to as maximizing the good for everyone rather than addressing individuals. Right-based theories are more concerned with the individual as the center and protecting individual choice. Autonomy and self-determination are part of right-based theories. Intuitionist theories, on the other hand, put the elements of duties, rights and goals on the same level, and it is up to the nurse and her moral intuition to make the ethical decision for any particular situation (Noureddine, 2001). Yet, as nurses have discovered for themselves, occasional cases may show that two theoretical frameworks may apply, and determining the more salient resolution, becomes a dilemma for the nurse in the process of caregiving. Initially, nurses might question why there is such a thing as nursing theory and for those who are first encountering the concept of theory, the reaction is one of fear and trepidation (McEwen & Wills, 2010). The point for theory in nursing is that it educates nurses to think on a more evolved level which will assist them later as professional nurses in assessing individual cases. Theory can also be from outside of the nursing field when assisting in looking at and analyzing a case from all angles. Ultimately, theory is ‘guidance through interpretive assumptions, principles and propositions which help explain and